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The 365-Day Devotional Commentary

SAUL’S FLAWS
1 Samuel 13–15

“Because you have rejected the word of the LORD, He has rejected you as king” (1 Sam. 15:23).

Too often success breeds pride. When that happens, there’s a real danger that we will no longer rely on—or obey—the Lord.

Overview
Facing a powerful Philistine army, Saul panicked and officiated at a sacrifice rather than waiting for Samuel (13:1–15). Yet the poorly equipped Israelites (vv. 16–22) led by Jonathan, Saul’s son, attacked (14:1–14) and routed the enemy (vv. 15–23). The intervention of the army saved Jonathan, who unknowingly violated Saul’s command (vv. 24–52). Ironically, the man who was willing to execute his son for disobeying him unintentionally, knowingly disobeyed God, and was rejected by the Lord (15:1–35).

Understanding the Text
“Their situation was critical” 1 Sam. 13:1–7. The Philistines were the major enemy of Israel during this era. They controlled the coastlands. Archeologists have found evidence of Philistine outposts as far inland as the Jordan valley. When Saul’s son attacked one of these outposts, the Philistines assembled a great army to put down the Hebrew uprising.
Earlier the men of Israel had responded to Saul’s call and turned out to fight the Ammonites (11:7). Now they ran and hid, and some even left the country. Many in Saul’s tiny standing army of 3,000 began to desert. In describing the Ammonite battle the text says Israel was moved by “terror [awe of, respect for] of the LORD.” Now all they felt was fear of the Philistines.
The Old Testament rightly says that the “fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge” (Prov. 1:7). It’s foolish to lose sight of the fact that God is more powerful than any human foe.

“You acted foolishly” 1 Sam. 13:8–15. Earlier Samuel had instructed Saul to meet him at Gilgal before any major engagement, and to wait there seven days (cf. 10:8). Waiting now became too much for Saul, who panicked as he saw more of his tiny force desert. Rather than wait for Samuel, Saul himself sacrificed to the Lord. Saul sinned in officiating at the sacrifice. Only priests were to serve the altar. By acting as he did, Saul disobeyed Samuel’s command to wait and God’s prohibition against any but Aaron’s descendants offering sacrifices. Here “foolish” is a strong word, implying not a lack of understanding but a lack of moral character. Under pressure Saul showed that he was deeply flawed.
The text adds an ironic note. Saul later counted and found that he still had 600 men with him. This was twice as many as the 300 with which Gideon had earlier routed a similar enemy horde.

Weapons of iron 1 Sam. 13:16–22. It’s true that Israel lacked weapons. The Philistine secret of working iron gave them unquestioned military superiority. But Gideon defeated his enemy with 300 pitchers, 300 torches, and 300 trumpets.
If only Saul had remembered what God had done, he might have been less fearful and more willing to obey.

“That will be our sign” 1 Sam. 14:1–14. The text introduces Jonathan, Saul’s son, who attacked a Philistine frontline post after seeking and receiving a sign that “the LORD has given them into our hands.” Jonathan and his armor-bearer were outnumbered too. But Jonathan, unlike Saul, trusted God completely and had no fear.

“Withdraw your hand” 1 Sam. 14:15–23. After Jonathan’s victory, God threw the Philistine camp into a panic. Saul, hearing the commotion, called for a priest to use the ephod [not “ark”] to consult God. As the tumult across the valley increased, Saul couldn’t wait, and told the priest to “withdraw your hand.” That is, he said, “Don’t bother,” and rushed off to battle.
Despite Saul’s behavior, the Lord helped Israel. The Philistines began to run away, and the Israelites who had hidden joined in the pursuit.

“None of the troops tasted food” 1 Sam. 14:24–45. Saul uttered a curse on any Israelite who should eat until the battle was over. Jonathan did not hear this vow and tasted some honey he found during the battle.
Saul’s command was unwise. His troops pursued the Philistines some 18 miles (from Micmash to Aijalon)! Afterward they were so exhausted that they butchered cattle and ate the meat on the spot. This eating of meat before the blood had been drained was a serious violation of Old Testament Law.
When Saul was eager to go on and invade Philistine territory, the priest, whom Saul had rushed to consult earlier, insisted Saul ask God for guidance. But God gave no answer. (Many believe the priest carried a blank stone in the ephod as well as stones indicating yes and no.) Saul assumed that some sin was blocking the response. When lots were cast, Jonathan was chosen, and admitted violating his father’s command. Though Saul’s command had been unwise, when uttered as a curse it was binding, and disobedience was a sin.
When Saul proposed executing Jonathan, the army refused to let Saul harm him.
Again we sense irony. Saul was ready to kill his own son for disobeying his command. Yet Saul himself thought nothing of disobeying the Lord, Israel’s God and true King.

“He fought valiantly” 1 Sam. 14:47–48. Most of the text is given to an analysis of Saul’s flaws. Two verses sum up his strengths. Saul was a valiant soldier, who did defeat Israel’s enemies.
To the biblical writer, who gives only two verses to chronicle Saul’s victories, what counts is not Saul’s prowess but his pride. Not his accomplishments, but his personal failings. It’s the same today. The true measure of a man is not found in what he does, but in the kind of person that he is.

“I was afraid of the people and so I gave in to them” 1 Sam. 15:1–34. The final revealing incident describes Saul’s attack on the Amalekites. This invasion was divine punishment, and the city attacked was to be “devoted” to God. That is, all the people and animals of the area were to be killed, and no booty taken.
Saul did attack. But he returned with vast herds and with a royal prisoner. God sent Samuel to confront the disobedient king. At first Saul insisted he had obeyed God. After all, the Amalekites had been destroyed. Finally Saul admitted that he had violated God’s command, and confessed that he had done so because he “was afraid of the people.”
What a commentary. Saul, the king, was ruled by fear. He had feared the Philistine army. Now he was afraid of his own people. If only Saul had feared God, respect for the Lord would have freed him from the burden of fearing mere men.

“Please honor me . . . before Israel” 1 Sam. 15:30. The verse is a fitting epitaph. A heartbroken and angry Samuel announced God’s final rejection of Saul. This disobedient king would establish no dynasty in Israel. And all Saul could think of when Samuel turned away is how it would look to his people!
May God deliver us from caring more about what people think than what God thinks of us, and from the hypocrisy that such an attitude generates.

DEVOTIONAL
Saul and You
(1 Sam. 15)
Some find reading about Saul frightening. Saul reminds them of their own weaknesses. Saul reflects their own flaws. And so they wonder. Perhaps like Saul they’ve gone too far. Might they too be rejected by God?
Yet the story of Saul isn’t intended to frighten us. It’s in our Bible to encourage us. And to teach us how to avoid the pitfall that trapped Israel’s first, failed king.
Saul’s basic problem was that he was unwilling to trust God, and so found it impossible to obey Him. Saul panicked when confronted by a massive Philistine force (1 Sam. 13). He forgot that God was able to deliver. Because he did not trust God to act in the deteriorating situation, Saul disobeyed the Lord.
By the time we read this last story, Saul is even afraid of his own people. Once again Saul’s fear comes from a lack of trust, and is expressed as a failure to obey the Lord.
The one thing that ruined Saul’s life and destroyed his future was his inability to trust God, expressed in his failure to obey. This is what’s so encouraging about Saul’s story. As we read it we come to understand the central issue in the spiritual life. Saul’s story teaches us that the one thing we must do is to trust God, and that trust will free us to obey.
When you or I feel fear or sense panic, that’s the time to pause and remember who our God is. To think about His greatness. To remember His power. To meditate on His love. When we keep our hearts fixed on who God is, we trust ourselves to Him. And we obey.

Personal Application
Trust in God frees us to obey. And obedience protects us from Saul’s fate.

Quotable
“He that cannot obey, cannot command.”—Benjamin Franklin

The 365-Day Devotional Commentary

ISRAEL’S FIRST KING
1 Samuel 8–12

“Give us a king to lead us” (1 Sam. 8:6).

The story of Israel’s transition to a monarchy reminds us that the root of our problems is often in ourselves.

Definition of Key Terms
King. In Old Testament times kings controlled all the functions of government-legislative, executive, and judicial. The people owed total allegiance to their ruler, and the ruler in turn protected his people by leading them in war as well as peace.
As originally conceived, Israel was a theocracy—a people whose King was God. In the Old Testament Law Covenant God committed Himself to fight Israel’s battles and to cause the nation to prosper. In turn the people were to obey the laws enacted by their Monarch, and give their allegiance completely to Him.
The role of the king in Old Testament times, and the teaching of Scripture that God was Himself Israel’s King, helps us to see why Israel’s request for a human monarch was in fact a rejection of the Lord.

Anoint. The act of pouring oil on the head of a person. Anointing was a symbolic act consecrating persons whom God had chosen for a special role, such as priest or king.

Overview
Israel’s request for a king implied rejection of God (8:1–22). Samuel anointed Saul privately (9:1–10:8), and later publicly introduced him as God’s choice (vv. 9–27). After Saul led Israel to victory over the Ammonites (11:1–11), the people confirmed Saul as ruler (vv. 12–15). Samuel stepped down from political leadership, but warned Israel to obey God, and promised to pray constantly for them (12:1–25).

Understanding the Text
“Appoint a king to lead us, such as all the other nations have” 1 Sam. 8:1–22. Moses had predicted that one day Israel would have a king (cf. Gen. 49:10; Num. 24:17; Deut. 17:14–20). Yet the motive of the elders of Israel who asked Samuel to appoint a king was wrong.
God had held back the Philistines all of Samuel’s long rule as judge (1 Sam. 7:13). But Samuel’s sons, who he unwisely had appointed judges, accepted bribes. This, with Samuel’s age, created uncertainty about the future. The need even seemed urgent when the Ammonites prepared to move against Israel (12:12). Rather than inquire of God what to do, the elders of Israel turned to pagan ways to deal with a leadership vacuum. They asked for a king “as all the other nations have.” God pointed out to a visibly upset Samuel that the request was in fact a rejection of Him, for since the Exodus the Lord Himself had functioned as Israel’s King.
Samuel warned Israel by showing the faults in the pagan system. Kings demand taxes, take the brightest and best to serve their administrations, and even transfer citizens’ property to their attendants (8:10–18). But the people insisted. They desperately wanted to “be like all the other nations, with a king to lead us and to go out before us and fight our battles” (v. 20).
Like the ancient Israelites, modern Christians can be all too quick to turn to secular solutions. In times of uncertainty we often run to the world. Pastors struggling with church leadership sign up for seminars on management. Missionaries eager to reach a lost world look to statistics for principles of church growth. Parents desperate for guidance try pop psychology. While each of these may be of some help, each secular system has its drawbacks. But most tragic, each serves as a substitute for better ways that God has mapped out in His Word for believers.
Israel’s insistence on a monarchy at this point in history stands as a warning to us. When we face uncertainty, let’s seek God’s answer, rather than adopt the world’s solutions and be “like all the others.”

“He will deliver My people from the hand of the Philistines” 1 Sam. 9:1–10:8. The text describes a series of events that makes it clear the Lord personally supervised the choice of Saul. The loss of several donkeys launched Saul on a trip that led, step by step, to Samuel. God identified Saul as the one God intended to govern His people.
After Samuel anointed Saul to be king, Samuel made a series of predictions intended to convince that reluctant young man that God had indeed chosen him (10:2–7).
A question that has troubled believers is, Why did God choose Saul, in view of Saul’s later failures? Did God intend to show the people the error of their ways by selecting a flawed leader? Not at all. The people had asked for a leader who would “go out before us and fight our battles.” When God told Samuel to anoint Saul, the Lord told him, “He will deliver My people from the hand of the Philistines” (9:16). God gave Israel a king who would do just what the people asked!
We need to evaluate our prayers carefully. Is what we ask for what we really need? Is what we ask for what is truly best for us?
What Israel should have asked for is a king after God’s own heart. One who would be responsive to God, and keep Israel close to the Lord. It is a measure of God’s grace that when Saul’s flaws were fully revealed, the Lord provided His people with just such a king in David.

“See the man the LORD has chosen” 1 Sam. 10:9–26. One of the means used in the Old Testament to determine God’s will was casting lots. Another was the Urim and Thummim—most likely smooth stones indicating yes or no—carried by the high priest. Here some such means was used to indicate the Lord’s choice of a tribe, clan, family, and finally individual.
Saul, possibly moved by an appealing modesty or perhaps by fear, was found hiding among the baggage. He was an imposing figure, “a head taller” than any other Israelite. Based on the average height of Israelites in that era, Saul was probably between 6’4″ and 6’6″ tall. Saul was presented to the people, most of whom were impressed by his height and shouted, “Long live the king!”
Like Israel, we’re often impressed by externals. Samuel’s invitation, “See the man,” reminds us not to judge by appearances, but to look for character.

“Let us . . . reaffirm the kingship” 1 Sam. 11:1–15. The Ammonite attack on Jabesh Gilead may have been a direct challenge to Saul, who as a Benjamite might trace his lineage to this city (Jdg. 21:9–16). Saul rallied Israel and led the people to victory.
The victory resolved any remaining doubts, and Saul was confirmed as king by all the people at Gilgal. Saul’s gracious treatment of those who earlier refused to acknowledge him was notable (1 Sam. 11:12–13). So was Saul’s humble attitude, as he gave credit for the victory to “the LORD [who] has rescued Israel” (v. 13).

“You have not cheated or oppressed us” 1 Sam. 12:1–5. Few political or spiritual leaders can conclude their careers as Samuel did. He led for love of the people and for love of God, not for personal gain or power.

“If both you and the king who reigns over you follow the LORD your God-good” 1 Sam. 12:6–25. Samuel turned over the reins of political power to Saul in the public gathering at Gilgal, though he continued as spiritual leader (cf. v. 23). The speech was dramatic. Samuel recounted how faithful God had been when Israel looked to Him as ruler, and made it plain that Israel’s motive in seeking a king at that time was wrong. To underline this, God sent a destructive thunderstorm. As wheat harvest is the dry season in Israel, this was viewed as a miraculous sign, and led Israel to admit their request for a king was a sin.
Samuel’s response is for us as well as for Israel. “Do not be afraid. You have done all this evil; yet do not turn away from the LORD.” Sin is wrong, but God will not reject the person who turns from it and clings faithfully to Him.

DEVOTIONAL
Fully Equipped
(1 Sam. 10–11)
Every child who goes to Sunday School is familiar with Saul’s failure. He is the flawed king, the vindictive enemy of David, who again and again disobeyed God. It’s no wonder that some question whether God deliberately chose a man who would fall short, as punishment for those who insisted on a king. Did God set Israel up? Was Saul God’s choice only so He could later say, “I told you so”?
That question is answered clearly and firmly in the text. And the answer is no. In fact, God thoroughly prepared Saul—not for failure, but for success.
Notice. Saul was given signs to ensure that he realized he had been chosen by God (10:1–7). God immediately let Saul know that He was personally involved in Saul’s choice and his life.
Saul was infused by the Spirit of God and, the text says, “God changed Saul’s heart” (vv. 9–10). God worked within Saul to make him sensitive to the Lord.
Saul was suddenly able to prophesy, causing amazement in those who knew him (v. 11). God prepared Saul’s acquaintances for Saul’s new role.
Saul was publicly selected by God at Gilgal (vv. 20–24). God made it clear to the whole nation that Saul was His choice.
Saul was again filled by the Spirit when he called out the nation to fight the Ammonites (11:7). God gave Saul special enablement when the crisis came.
And Saul’s victory was evidence of God’s presence. The new king realized that “the LORD has rescued Israel” (v. 13).
What this shows is that God did nothing that might have caused Saul’s later failures. Instead, the Lord did everything possible to equip Saul for success! As the New Testament affirms, “God cannot be tempted by evil, nor does He tempt anyone; but each one is tempted when, by his own evil desire, he is dragged away and enticed” (James 1:13–14).
What an important message for you and me. When God calls us to any task, He intends us to succeed! And He provides all the resources we need to achieve success. If we stay close to Him we will avoid the tragedy that later befell Saul, Israel’s first king.

Personal Application
Because each of us does have flaws, it is vital that we stay close to the Lord.

Quotable
“With every thought from the Word that your understanding grasps, bow before God in dependence and trust. Believe with your whole heart that God can and will make it true. Ask for the Holy Spirit to make it work in your heart until the Word becomes the strength of your life.”—Andrew Murray

The 365-Day Devotional Commentary

THE LOST ARK
1 Samuel 4–7

“A god has come into the camp” (1 Sam. 4:7).

We should never take the symbols of our faith for the reality. Yet to many, symbols are important.

Definition of Key Terms
The ark of the covenant. The ark was the holiest object in Israel’s religion. This box-like, gold-covered object contained memorials of the Exodus—notably the stone tablets containing the Ten Commandments and a container of manna. Two cast angels were mounted on its lid, their wings touching over its center, where each year the high priest sprinkled sacrificial blood on the Day of Atonement. The ark, which symbolized the presence of God with His people, was to be kept in the inner room of the tabernacle. The act of Eli’s sons in removing it showed both their contempt for God’s command, and a superstitious awe of the ark as a symbol.

Archeologists have recovered many Philistine artifacts. These show a high level of material culture and artistic achievement. The Philistines far outclassed the Israelites in their skills, but were far inferior in their religion.

Overview
The Philistines killed Eli’s two wicked sons in battle and captured the ark of the covenant (4:1–22). Plagues frightened the Philistines into returning the ark (5:1–6:21). Some 20 years later, Samuel led Israel back to God (7:1–6). God then helped the Israelites hand the Philistines a crushing defeat at Mizpah, and guarded them throughout Samuel’s lifetime (vv. 7–17).

Understanding the Text
“A god has come into the camp” 1 Sam. 4:1–11. The Philistine reaction when the ark was brought into the Hebrew camp tells us much about their religion. They worshiped idols and supposed that Israel’s God was an idol too. What is more significant, however, is Israel’s reaction. God’s people shouted for joy, for they too believed that the Lord Himself was identified with this material object.
We can value symbols of the holy. But we must never confuse them with God or rely on them as if they were God Himself. As Jesus taught us, “God is Spirit, and His worshipers must worship in spirit and in truth” (John 4:24).

“The glory has departed from Israel” 1 Sam. 4:12–22. In the battle, Eli’s sons were killed and the ark captured. The loss of the ark was a disaster, but not because it was a “god.” The ark was the one place where blood could be sprinkled on the Day of Atonement to cleanse Israel of sin. The true glory of God, displayed in His goodness and forgiving love, truly had departed from Israel. God’s people now had no avenue of approach to the Lord to find forgiveness.
We may take pride in the beauty of our churches or cathedrals. Yet the true glory of God is not to be found in them, but in His love and His grace.

“He afflicted the people . . . with an outbreak of tumors” 1 Sam. 5:1–6:21. When the ark of God was placed in the temple of Dagon, a Philistine god, the idol fell before the ark. Even a symbol of God is greater than the gods of pagans.
Many believe that the “tumors” God sent were actually hemorrhoids. How fitting. The Philistines were not even allowed to sit comfortably in the presence of God’s ark!
At last the Philistines decided that the God of Israel caused their discomfort and returned the ark. For 20 years it rested on the property of a man called Abinadab.

“Because they had looked into the ark of the LORD” 1 Sam. 6:19. When 70 Israelites curiously looked into the ark, God struck them down. Why? Eli’s two sons had shown contempt for God by ignoring rules for conducting worship. These men showed contempt for God by treating the ark, a holy thing, as if it were an ordinary object. While the symbol is not the reality, symbols of the holy are to be treated with respect.

“The Israelites . . . served the LORD only” 1 Sam. 7:1–6. When Samuel grew to adulthood he was able to lead Israel back to the Lord. Samuel was recognized as a spokesman of God (3:20). When he promised that God would deliver His people from Philistine oppression, he was believed.
Sometimes only suffering will move us to turn to God. If that’s what it takes, God will bless us with suffering.

“The LORD answered him” 1 Sam. 7:7–17. When the Philistines attacked a religious convocation at Mizpah, Israel fought back as Samuel prayed. The Bible says that the Lord answered him. Samuel had listened to God all his life. Now God listened to him. Obeying God’s Word lays a good foundation for prayer.
The text tells us that Samuel served as Israel’s “judge” (ruler) all the days of his life. During this time Israelite strength grew, and they were at last able to push the Philistines out of the highlands.

DEVOTIONAL
Symbols and Reality
(1 Sam. 6–7)
The ark of God was His chosen symbol of His presence with Israel. It was not God. He did not inhabit it. But in a real way it stood for Him. As such, the symbol was to be treated with respect.
When the victorious Philistines carried the ark into the temple of their god, they saw it as a trophy. Placed there, the ark would symbolize the superiority of their deity to Israel’s God. Instead the prostrate, broken idol of Dagon proved that the Lord alone is truly God.
When a plague of “tumors” broke out in the Philistine cities, the Philistines knew the cause. Israel’s God was so holy that the Philistines could not even survive the presence of a symbol that represented Him.
When the ark was returned, God struck down 70 of His own people who curiously looked inside it, treating it as if it were a common object rather than something set apart and holy.
Each of these events helps us understand those who find significance today in Christian symbols. The stained glass, the churches, the organs, the crosses, the ritual, the Christmas creches, even the roadside shrines, are not to be identified with God, as though He were present in them. Yet each can serve as a symbol of the holy. Each can remind believers of who God is, and in reminding, can invite them to worship.
You or I may not rely on symbols in our worship. We may not feel they are needed, or we may even feel that they hinder true worship. But the ark of God, which was holy in the Old Testament era, reminds us that God does speak to some through symbols. And when He does, the symbol is sanctified by His use.

Personal Application
We need to be sure that our religious symbols actually do direct our thoughts to God Himself.

Quotable
“Clearly nothing that the organized church can do by its services, by religious books, by radio and television will effect the needful change. Only as the individual translates his Christianity into terms of the way he does his daily work and the loving spirit he shows daily in his contact with others, can Christianity leaven the very heavy lump of modern life.”—Leslie D. Weatherhead

The 365-Day Devotional Commentary

1 Samuel

INTRODUCTION
First and 2 Samuel were originally a single book in the Hebrew canon. Together they give a complete history of the transition of Israel from a group of loosely related tribes ruled by judges to a united and powerful monarchy. The time spanned is roughly 120 years, from about 1050 to 931 B.C.
First Samuel traces the emergence of the monarchy through the stories of three men. Samuel served as Israel’s last judge. He anointed Israel’s first king, Saul. When Saul proved unwilling to obey God’s commands, Samuel secretly anointed David to succeed him. David’s rise to prominence after he killed Goliath and his persecution by Saul are reported in this book, which contains many familiar and favorite Bible stories.

THE BEST GIFTS
1 Samuel 1–3

“All Israel . . . recognized that Samuel was attested as a prophet of the LORD” (1 Sam. 3:20).

When you or I experience frustration or depression, there’s help in the story of Hannah.

Background
Samuel was born in the days of the Judges. During most of his life his people were limited to Israel’s hill country by the powerful Philistines on the sea coast, and by the Ammonites across the Jordan. These early chapters which tell of Samuel’s childhood, focus on important formative influences on one who became Israel’s last judge and most significant prophet since the time of Moses.

Overview
Hannah vowed to dedicate her son to the service of God if only He would enable her to give birth (1:1–20). When Samuel was weaned she fulfilled her vow (vv. 21–28), expressing her joy in one of Scripture’s most beautiful prayers (2:1–11). Samuel grew up under the guidance of the priest, Eli, whose own sons were evil (vv. 12–26) and were judged by God (vv. 27–36). In contrast Samuel exhibited a readiness to listen to God (3:1–18), and was early recognized by Israel as a prophet (vv. 19–21).

Understanding the Text
“In bitterness of soul Hannah wept much and prayed to the LORD” 1 Sam. 1:1–20. Hannah was a childless woman in a society which viewed bearing sons as fulfillment. Her pain is the same felt by every person who feels himself or herself useless and a failure. In Hannah’s case, the wound was kept open by the constant provocation of her husband’s second wife, Peninnah, who had several children and took perverse pleasure in tormenting Hannah over her barrenness.
For years Hannah wept before the Lord when the family attended the religious festivals held regularly at Shiloh, where the tabernacle stood during much of the Judges era. Finally Hannah made a vow—a promise that if God gave her a son, she would give her son up and let him serve God at the tabernacle.
There are many lessons to be learned from this brief chapter. The biographies of many Christian leaders tell of mothers who even before they became pregnant gave their future children to the Lord. Many years after I was led to go into the ministry, my own mother told how she had made a similar dedication—and followed it up with a lifetime of prayers that my sister and I might both serve God. We owe so much to godly mothers who see their children as gifts from God intended to be given back to Him.
Another lesson is found in the costliness of the commitment Hannah made. Having a son was Hannah’s heart’s desire. Yet she was willing to give up that treasure should it be given to her. Often you and I must mentally surrender what we want most to God before we are ready to receive it.
Samuel, Hannah’s son, grew up to become one of the greatest of Old Testament prophets, and surely the greatest of the judges. How proud Hannah must have been to realize as Samuel grew up “all Israel . . . recognized that Samuel was attested as a prophet of the LORD.” How wise it is to place our most precious possessions in God’s hand. He is far more able than we to use them for His glory, and for our fulfillment.

“He will live there always” 1 Sam. 1:21–28. Hebrew children were typically weaned at three or even four years of age. So Hannah had Samuel for those precious infant and toddler years. Elkanah’s response to his wife’s announcement that she would present Samuel to the Lord is significant. According to the law of vows (Num. 30), a husband could void a wife’s vow when he first heard of it. Here Elkanah confirms Hannah’s vow: “Do what seems best to you.”
Hannah needed a godly, understanding husband, for sons were economic assets in ancient Israel. How important that a husband and wife share a common commitment to God. God warns us not to marry out of the faith with no intent to deny us any pleasure. This rule is a wise and loving provision intended to give us unified, happy homes.

“My heart rejoices” 1 Sam. 2:1–10. We can imagine Hannah’s anguish as she approached the tabernacle at Shiloh, hand in hand with little Samuel, knowing she must leave him there and return home alone. Yet when the gift had been given, Hannah suddenly found herself filled with joy! God’s Holy Spirit had filled the emptiness she had feared.
There would be moments of loneliness ahead. Hannah surely missed her little son. But this song of praise, in which Hannah contemplated the greatness of God, is witness to the comfort she found in her faith. A comfort available to you and me as well.
We learn that God also comforted Hannah in a practical way. She saw her son at annual religious festivals. And God gave her three more sons and two daughters (v. 21). It’s good to remember that we can never out-give the Lord.

“Eli’s sons were wicked men” 1 Sam. 2:12–26. The priesthood in Israel was hereditary, a role to be filled only by descendants of Aaron. Thus Eli’s sons served in the priesthood as their father had. But while Eli was godly, his two sons were “wicked men.” They treated the Lord’s offering “with contempt” by violating ritual regulations (vv. 12–17), and used their position to seduce women who came to worship (v. 22). The two sons ignored their father’s rebuke. Despite their example Samuel chose to follow Eli’s example, and “grew up in the presence of the LORD.”
Samuel and Eli’s sons all grew up next to Israel’s place of worship. Yet only Samuel sensed the reality of God, and lived in His presence. Going to church can be a meaningless experience for us too unless we understand that we are coming together with other believers to experience the presence of God, and to worship Him.

“Why do you honor your sons more than Me?” 1 Sam. 2:27–36 The prophet who confronted Eli preannounced the death of his two sons “on the same day.” He asked the aged priest this question. But we may wonder, what more could Eli have done?
The answer is grim. Eli surely knew the stories of other priests who had treated God’s altar with contempt and been killed by the Lord (cf. Num. 16). At the very least Eli could have removed his sons from the priesthood. At the most he could have followed the ancient law that permitted parents whose sons were incorrigible to accuse them before the elders, with the penalty, if found guilty, being death (Deut. 21:18–21).
Eli’s failure to act showed that he honored his sons more than he honored the God whom the sons treated with contempt.
There are times when parents have to take sides against their children. A mom or dad who constantly intervenes to help children avoid the consequences of wrong actions dooms them, as surely as Eli’s failure to act against his sons made their deaths inevitable. The saying, “Blood is thicker than water,” must be balanced by another. “Right is more important than relationship.”

“Speak, for Your servant is listening” 1 Sam. 3:1–21. The word “listen” in Hebrew is very significant. To “hear” (the same word in Hebrew) implies not simply the physical act, but also processing and responding to what is said. Thus when a psalmist asks God to “hear my prayer,” he is begging God to act. And when Samuel told God, “Your servant is listening,” he expressed his willingness to respond to everything God said.
Here the writer brings out the contrast between Samuel’s attitude toward God and that of Eli’s sons, who “did not listen” to their father’s rebuke but kept on sinning. It was the willingness of Samuel to “listen” that made him suitable to be God’s instrument in a critical period of sacred history.
There is nothing more significant for anyone who wishes to be used by God than to adopt Samuel’s attitude of “speak, for Your servant is listening.”

DEVOTIONAL
Where to Seek Comfort
(1 Sam. 1)
I find it easy to feel with Hannah, so despondent and depressed by what must have felt like total failure. I suspect all of us have down times. Times when life seems dark and empty, as if everything had gone wrong.
With Hannah it had gone even further. The pain was so great that her heart had become bitter. In her bitterness food lost all attraction, and she was unable to eat (v. 7).
In Hannah’s case, the problem was resolved when she made her vow to God and the Lord answered her prayer. For some of us the answer doesn’t come so quickly. Or perhaps at all. And so it’s important to know where to seek comfort during the bitter times.
The answer is seen in the text’s description of Elkanah, Hannah’s husband. The Bible says that “he loved her.” Rather than berate her for her failure to produce sons, Elkanah tried to comfort Hannah, saying, “Don’t I mean more to you than ten sons?” It’s clear that despite what Hannah suffered, her husband was a constant, present blessing.
This is where you and I are to find comfort while we wait for God to relieve our pain. No, not in a loving husband or wife. But in whatever present blessings God may give us. We need to focus on the good things, for in them we find evidence that God hasn’t forsaken us after all. In them we find evidence that we are loved, even though we may feel despair.
Focusing on God’s good gifts won’t take the pain away immediately. But it can make the pain bearable. And in time, whether we receive what we long for or not, awareness of God’s love will sustain us and lead us to experience joy.

Personal Application
God gives good gifts to all. All we need is the wisdom to recognize them, and the grace to appreciate them.

Quotable
“What is the command associated with being given the desires of our heart? ’Delight yourself.’ The word ’delight’ means to be soft and pliable. We might say be moldable and teachable. It means more than being happy or excited about God.”—Earl D. Wilson

The 365-Day Devotional Commentary

SISTERS AND BROTHERS
Romans 16

“I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant of the church in Cenchrea” (Rom. 16:1).

Lists of names mean little to us. But each name represents a person who is important to God.

Overview
Paul closed with personal greetings to close friends in Rome (16:1–16), with an exhortation (vv. 17–20), and with greetings from fellow workers who were with him (vv. 21–23). And he capped it all with praise to God (vv. 24–27).

Understanding the Text
“Greet” Rom. 16:3–16. The Bible’s penchant for including long lists of names sometimes irritates readers. But there are always reasons. In the Old Testament, most listings of names are genealogical: they display the faithfulness of God to the people of Israel, with whom He maintained a covenant relationship over long and often stormy centuries. Those lists of names establish not only the identity of the people of God, but His faithfulness.
Here in Romans 16 is a list of names that has another purpose. It displays something of the network of warm and loving relationships which bound the early church together. Paul was not just a theologian, he was a friend. He did not just count up converts, he cared for people as individuals.
So let’s not be put off by the list of names here. Let it remind us that in the eyes of God and in the church of Jesus, each person is important enough to be known by name.

“I commend to you our sister Phoebe, a servant of the church in Cenchrea” Rom. 16:1. The way translators have handled this verse makes Christian feminists see red. That word “servant” in the Greek is diakonos. More than one commentator has noted that the use of this form, rather than diakoneo or diakonia, suggests something more than casual service. It’s likely that Phoebe held the leadership position of a deacon in her congregation, though at the time Romans was written it’s impossible to say what this position involved.
I can understand why some Christian women are eager for Phoebe to gain greater recognition. The ministry of women hasn’t been overly welcomed in the church. But probably the highest honor we can do Phoebe or any other believer is to note, as Paul does, that “she has been a great help to many people, including me.”
After all, this is what our faith is all about. Not the office we may hold. But the help we can be to each other as we seek together to follow Jesus Christ.

“Priscilla and Aquila, my fellow workers in Christ Jesus” Rom. 16:3–4. It should give those folks who think of Paul as a male chauvinist a moment’s pause at least. The first two folks that Paul mentioned in this greeting section of Romans 16 are women. And Priscilla was mentioned even before her husband, Aquila.
Both Priscilla and Aquila are acknowledged as Paul’s “fellow workers,” even as Phoebe was acknowledged as a church deacon. While Phoebe’s ministry of help seems focused in her local house church, the word sunergos, “fellow worker,” suggests this couple shared Paul’s commission to serve as missionary evangelists.
There really is a place for women. At home. And abroad. In local churches. And in missions.

“Outstanding among the apostles” Rom. 16:7. The word “apostle” is used in a restrictive sense when applied to any of the Twelve and to Paul. These men were the divinely commissioned leaders of the church, and spoke with a unique authority. But many others earned the title “apostle,” among them Andronicus and Junias. After all, the word “apostle” literally means one who is sent on a mission.
Paul’s word about these relatives who were “outstanding among the apostles” reminds us that early Christians felt the missionary call to share their faith with others in the Roman world. Don’t ever suppose that Paul and his little team of missionaries was responsible for the explosive spread of the Gospel in the first century. They didn’t do it alone! Nor today can the Christian’s commission to spread the Gospel be fulfilled by a few “full-time” missionaries.
Let’s be sure that we are numbered “among the apostles.” Let’s even try to be outstanding.

“Ampliatus. . . . Urbanus . . . Stachys” Rom. 16:8–9. What was the church in Rome like? One hint comes from the names Paul mentioned in Romans 16. These names, for instance, along with many of the others, were most common among slaves, freedmen, and freed-women in Roman society. It’s quite clear that the church in Rome was not an upper crust phenomenon. The Christians there were mostly ordinary folk, and probably drawn from the lower strata of Roman society.
But notice how Paul spoke of “low class” Roman believers. Ampliatus was one “whom I love in the Lord.” Urbanus was “our fellow worker in Christ.” Stachys was “my dear friend.” We can feel the love overflow as Paul wrote, surrounding each person with affection.
Class isn’t to matter in Christ’s church. It surely didn’t matter to Paul. He loved these men and women for their own sakes, and because they were deeply loved by Jesus Christ. In this too let’s follow Paul’s example. Let’s love people for themselves, not their positions. And let’s let them know how much.

“Persis, another woman who has worked very hard in the Lord” Rom. 16:12. In another two generations Clement of Rome would report rulings severely restricting women’s roles in church leadership. His words, in 1 Clement 20:7, are sometimes quoted to support modern restrictions on female participation in leadership in our own local churches. Whatever authority one may wish to concede to Clement, it must be significant that the Apostle Paul in this listing credits four women with significant service in their own congregations (Mary, Tryphena and Tryphosa, and Persis). In fact, he says this of four women and no men at least on this list.
In making this observation, I am not mounting a campaign for women’s ordination, or claiming female superiority in local church leadership. I’m simply pointing out what the text says. And suggesting that perhaps—just perhaps—Clement of Rome overreacted to the freedom first- generation Christian women found through the Gospel to use their gifts in Christ’s church.
Perhaps—just perhaps—some men today have overreacted too.

“Watch out for those who cause divisions” Rom. 16:17–19. If we are truly devoted to one another, there will be unity in Christ’s church. That bond that Paul himself displayed with those now in Rome that he had come to know and love holds us together in intimate fellowship.
But beware if devotion flags, and the church becomes an impersonal gathering of strangers. Then the door is thrown open wide for “those who cause divisions.” Their smooth talk and flattery is designed to deceive. They want to build their own little kingdom, with their own handful of followers. They are not serving Jesus, but their own pride, or need for adulation.
Paul had a simple prescription to deal with such people. Half of it is stated in verse 17: “Keep away from them.” The other half is implied in his letter as a whole, and in the first 16 verses of this chapter: “Grow close to your brothers and sisters in the Lord. If you come to know the people in your local church family well, and if you love them deeply, then no smooth-talking stranger will be able to shatter the unity that Christ gives.”

“Erastus, who is the city’s director of public works” Rom. 16:23. I once worked for a Christian organization whose chapels one year featured Christian “success stories.” The wealthy and respected of our community trooped one by one to the chapel pulpit, and each told how faith in Christ contributed to his rise. How I wished we’d find some poor, uneducated failure, who could tell us how faith in Jesus sustained him in his rush toward ruin.
It didn’t happen of course. We get so excited over the converted movie star, the reformed criminal, the Miss World. Apparently the NIV translators share that failing, for Erastus the oikonomos may well have been a financial officer in the Corinthian government, but there’s no way today to tell how high a rank he held. Was he really the “director of public works”? Well, maybe. But not likely.
Anyway, it really doesn’t matter, does it? As James so wisely says, “The brother in humble circumstances ought to take pride in his high position [in Christ]. But the one who is rich should take pride in his low position [as a mere sinner saved by grace]” (James 1:9–10).
What really counts about Erastus wasn’t his position in the Corinthian hierarchy. All that really counts is, he was one of Jesus’ own.
And so are you.

DEVOTIONAL
I Love a Mystery
(Rom. 16:25–27)
It was one of my favorite radio programs. I can hear the announcer now, his voice quavering with feigned excitement: “And now” (he’d begin, in hushed tones), “I” (pause), “Love” (a little louder) “A MYSTERY!”
I’d hurry into our little living room, flop down on my stomach in front of the radio, intent and ready to hear the next fascinating chapter in the current adventure.
Paul loved a mystery too. No, not the imaginary adventure of my radio days. The biblical mystery of Jesus Christ.
In Scripture “mystery” is a technical theological term. It identifies some previously hidden or only hinted at facet of God’s eternal plan, which has only recently been revealed. Christ, Paul realized with wonder, is the greatest of all the mysteries of God. How could God forgive the sins of past saints? How could God not simply declare human beings righteous in His sight, but actually make them righteous? How could God, committed as He was to the Jews, open wide His arms to the Gentiles too? How could Jew and Gentile ever find common ground, enabling the race to be drawn back together into one? How could God’s love for all the human race be so stunningly displayed that hardened sinners would suddenly halt, reconsider, and kneel, broken, before God?
These and all of history’s unanswered questions are, for Paul, answered in Jesus Christ. He is the mystery hidden for long ages past. He is the One glimpsed in prophetic writings. He is the One who has come and stands fully revealed today that all nations might believe and obey Him. He is the One who has at last enabled us to sense not only the love but also the wisdom of God. He is the One through whom God receives glory, forever and ever.
Christians can differ honestly about many doctrines. They can dispute about practices. But on one thing we all agree. We all love the One whose coming explained the mystery of God’s plan, and revealed once and for all the full extent of His mysterious, wonderful love.

Personal Application
To see clearly, look at everything through Jesus Christ.

Quotable
“A God on the cross! That is all my theology.”—Jean LaCordaire